王素洁 2020-11-05 23:04
<p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">高三复习 知识点一 醇的结构与性质</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">构</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">醇是羟基与烃基或苯环侧链上的碳原子相连的化合物，饱和一元脂肪醇的通式为</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">C</span></span></strong><strong><em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">n</span></sub></span></em></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">H</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">n</span></sub></span></em></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>1</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(</span></strong><strong><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">n</span></em></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">≥</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">1)<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">醇的结</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">如乙醇的组成和结构：</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><img width="275" height="107" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">醇的分类</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><img width="325" height="140" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: IPAPANNEW;font-size: 14px">[<span style="font-family:黑体">提醒</span><span style="font-family:IPAPANNEW">]</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312"> 在二元醇或多元醇的分子中，两个或两个以上羟基结合在同一个碳原子上时物质不能稳定存在</span>(<span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">如</span></span></strong><img width="141" height="77" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">)<span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">。</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">3</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">醇的物理性质递变规律</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><img width="378" height="200" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">醇的化学性质</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img width="113" height="77" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><table width="574"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">反应类型</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">条件</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">断键位置</span></strong></p></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">化学方程式</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(<span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">以乙醇为例</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">)</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" rowspan="2" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">氧化反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(Cu)<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">△</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">①③</span></span></strong></p></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">2CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">O</span></span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">Cu</span>2CH<strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CHO<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2H</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">点燃</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">①②③</span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">④⑤</span></strong></p></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">3O</span></span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">点燃(――→)</span>2CO<strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">↑</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">＋<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">3H</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">置换反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">Na</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">2CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2Na</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: -2px;font-size: 14px">―</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">→</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">2CH</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">ONa<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">↑</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">取代反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">浓<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">HBr</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">△</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">HBr</span></span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">△(――→)</span>CH<strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">Br<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">取代反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">浓硫酸，</span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">140 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">℃</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">①</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">和</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">②</span></span></strong></p></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">2CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">浓硫酸</span>C<strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">H</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">5</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">—O—C</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">H</span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">5</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">＋<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">取代</span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(<span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">酯化</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">)</span></span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">COOH</span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(<span style="font-family:楷体_GB2312">浓硫酸</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">)</span></span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CH</span></span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">COOH</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">浓硫酸</span>CH<strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">COOC</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">H</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">5</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">＋<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H</span></span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="91" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">消去反应</span></strong></p></td><td width="108" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">浓硫酸，</span></strong></p><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">170 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">℃</span></strong></p></td><td width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">②④</span></span></strong></p></td><td width="303" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH</span></strong><span style="font-family:宋体-方正超大字符集;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px">浓硫酸</span>CH<strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';letter-spacing: -1px;font-size: 14px">==</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">=CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">↑</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">＋<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">H</span></span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">2</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">O</span></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">醇的两大反应规律</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(1)<span style="font-family:黑体">醇的消去反应规律</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">醇分子中，连有羟基</span>(—OH)<span style="font-family:宋体">的碳原子必须有相邻的碳原子，并且此相邻的碳原子上必须连有氢原子时，才可发生消去反应，生成不饱和键。表示为</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img width="170" height="48" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><img width="359" height="78" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">(2)<span style="font-family:黑体">醇的催化氧化规律</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">醇的催化氧化产物的生成情况与跟羟基</span>(—OH)<span style="font-family:宋体">相连的碳原子上的氢原子的个数有关。</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><img width="260" height="134" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">6</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:黑体">几种常见的醇</span></span></strong></p><table width="574"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="82" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">名称</span></strong></p></td><td width="124" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">甲醇</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">乙二醇</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">丙三醇</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="82" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">俗称</span></strong></p></td><td width="124" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">木精、木醇</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">—</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">甘油</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="82" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">结构简式</span></strong></p></td><td width="124" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">CH</span></strong><strong><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px;vertical-align: sub">3</span></sub></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">OH</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><img width="62" height="48" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><img width="76" height="79" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="82" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">状态</span></strong></p></td><td width="124" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">液体</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">液体</span></strong></p></td><td width="184" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">液体</span></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td width="82" valign="center" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">溶解性</span></strong></p></td><td width="492" valign="center" colspan="3" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px">易溶于水和乙醇</span></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"> </span></strong></p><p><br/></p>
辛辉 2020-10-18 16:39
<p><strong><span style="font-size:16px"> 第二节 离子反应</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:16px;color:black">（第1课时）</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">一、教学目标</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">【知识目标】电解质和非电解质的概念，能用电离方程式表达常见、典型的电解质在水溶液中的电离，并从电离理论的角度认识酸、碱、盐</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">【能力目标】通过酸、碱、盐本质探究，感悟科学探究的基本方法，提高科学探究能力</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">【道德情感目标】体验从更深的层面研究物质发生化学反应的意义</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">二、重点与难点</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">【重点】电解质、电离以及电离方程式的书写</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">【难点:】电离方程式的书写</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">三、教学器材：</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">投影仪</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">四、教学方法与过程:</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">探究式教学、讨论式教学</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">许多化学反应是在水溶液中进行的，参加反应的物质主要是酸、碱、盐，因此我们有必要对酸、碱、盐在水溶液里的反应的特点和规律进行研究。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">实验与探究]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">如果提供下列物品：直流电源、导线、烧杯、电灯泡、开关，你能设计实验来验证下表中物质的导电性吗？将实验结果填写在下表中：</span></p><table><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="51" valign="top" style="border: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">物 </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">质</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">铜</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">片</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">石</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">墨</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">氯固</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">化</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">钠体</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">氯溶</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">化</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">钠液</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">无酒</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">水精</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">蔗固</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">糖体</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">蔗溶</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">糖液</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">氢钾</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">氧固</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">化体</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">氢钾</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">氧溶</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">化液</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">硫溶</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">酸液</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-left: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">类 别</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-right: 1px solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-left: 1px solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 0px 7px;"><p><span style="font-size:16px">能 导</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">否 电</span></p></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td><td width="51" valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1px solid windowtext; border-right: 1px solid windowtext; padding: 0px 7px;"><br/></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">思考与交流]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">1</span><span style="font-size:16px">．上述哪些物质是电解质？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">2</span><span style="font-size:16px">．电解质在什么情况下导电？为什么能导电？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">归纳与整理]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">一、酸、碱、盐在水溶液中的电离</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> 1.</span><span style="font-size:16px">电解质和非电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">在水溶液或熔化状态下能够导电的化合物叫做电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> </span><span style="font-size:16px">在水溶液或熔化状态下都不能导电的化合物叫做非电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px"> 2.</span><span style="font-size:16px">酸、碱、盐是电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">思考与交流]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">铜片、石墨能导电，它们是电解质吗？ </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">SO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-size:16px">的水溶液能导电，SO<sub>3</sub>是电解质吗？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">归纳与整理]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">①电解质和非电解质研究的是化合物，单质和混合物既不是电解质也不是非电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">②电解质导电是有条件的，即电解质必须在水溶液或熔化状态下才能导电</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">③能导电的物质不一定是电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">④酸、碱、盐和部分金属氧化物是电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">⑤非金属氧化物、大部分有机物为非电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">思考与交流]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">以NaCl溶液为例说明为什么有些电解质溶液能导电？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">归纳与整理]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">3</span><span style="font-size:16px">、电离：电解质离解成自由移动的离子的过程</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">4</span><span style="font-size:16px">、电离方程式的书写</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">实践与探究]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">用电离方程式表示下列物质的电离</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">HCl</span><span style="font-size:16px">、HNO<sub>3</sub>、H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>、<sub> </sub>NaOH、Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>、NaCl、KNO<sub>3</sub>、MgCl<sub>2</sub></span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">思考与交流] </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">1</span><span style="font-size:16px">．根据HCl、HNO<sub>3</sub>、H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>的电离，我们对酸的本质有什么新的认识？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">2</span><span style="font-size:16px">．能从电离的角度概括出碱和盐的本质吗？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">归纳与整理]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">5</span><span style="font-size:16px">、酸、碱、盐</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">电离时生成的阳离子全部是H<sup>+</sup>的化合物叫做酸</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">电离时生成的阴离子全部是OH<sup>-</sup>的化合物叫做碱</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">电离时能生成金属阳离子和酸根阴离子的化合物叫做盐</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">思考与交流]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size:16px">溶液能电离出H<sup>+</sup>和Na<sup>+</sup>，NaHSO<sub>4</sub>属于酸吗？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">2</span><span style="font-size:16px">、怎样认识水溶液中的氢离子？怎么表示？</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">[</span><span style="font-size:16px">回顾与总结]</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">本节课我们主要探讨了电解质和非电解质的概念，电解质溶液导电的原因以及从电离的角度理解酸、碱、盐的本质。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">补充练习</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">1</span><span style="font-size:16px">、 物质的水溶液能导电，但该物质属于非电解质的是 （ ）</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">A</span><span style="font-size:16px">．三氧化硫 B．干冰 C．蔗糖 D．硫酸钡</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">2</span><span style="font-size:16px">、下列电离方程式中，书写错误的是 （ ）</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">A</span><span style="font-size:16px">．Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>=Ca<sup>2+</sup>+OH<sup>— </sup>B．NaOH=Na<sup>+</sup>+O<sup>2</sup><sup>—</sup>+H<sup>+</sup></span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">C</span><span style="font-size:16px">．HCl=H<sup>+</sup>+Cl<sup>—</sup> D．K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>=2K<sup>+</sup>+SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>—</sup></span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">3</span><span style="font-size:16px">、下列叙述正确的是 （ ）</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">A</span><span style="font-size:16px">．氯化钠溶液在电流作用下电离成钠离子和氯离子</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">B</span><span style="font-size:16px">．溶于水后能电离出氢离子的化合物一定是酸</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">C</span><span style="font-size:16px">．硫酸钡难溶于水，但硫酸钡属于电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">D</span><span style="font-size:16px">．二氧化碳溶于水能部分电离，故二氧化碳属于电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">4</span><span style="font-size:16px">、下列物质的导电性能最差的是 （ ）</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">A</span><span style="font-size:16px">．熔融氢氧化钠 B．石墨棒</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">C</span><span style="font-size:16px">．盐酸溶液 D．固体氯化钠</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">5</span><span style="font-size:16px">、向Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>溶液中逐滴滴入稀H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>，则溶液的导电能力 （ ）</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">A</span><span style="font-size:16px">．逐渐变小 B．先变大后变小 </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">C</span><span style="font-size:16px">．逐渐增大 D．先变小后变大</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">参考答案：</span><span style="font-size:16px">1</span><span style="font-size:16px">．AC 2．AB 3．C 4．D 5．D </span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px">五、教学后记：</span></p><p><br/></p>
毕艳艳 2020-10-12 12:20
<p style="text-indent:84px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">举出几例你在生活中所遇到与化学反应快慢有关的事例。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">有些反应可以瞬间完成，例如酸碱中和反应、炸弹爆炸</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">有些反应进行得很慢，例如牛奶变质、铁桥生锈等</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">溶洞的形成需要几百年甚至上千年</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">一</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">、化学反应速率</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、化学反应速率的含义：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">化学反应速率是用来衡量化学反应进行快慢的尺度。它与两个因素有关：一个是反应的时间；另一个是反应物或生成物的浓度。反应物浓度随着反应的进行而不断减小，生成物浓度随着反应的不断进行而增大。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率是用来衡量化学反应进行快慢程度的一个物理量。</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率的表示：</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率用单位时间（如每秒，每分，每小时）内反应物浓度的减小或生成物浓度的增大来表示。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">某一物质的化学反应速率的计算式为：</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> v = <span style="font-family:宋体">—— </span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">试根据以上计算式推出</span>v<span style="font-family:宋体">的单位是什么？</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学反应速率常用单位</span>:mol/(L<span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s) </span><span style="font-family:宋体">或 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例题】在</span>2L<span style="font-family:宋体">的密闭容器中，加入</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1molN2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3molH2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，发生 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N2+3H2 = 2NH3 </span><span style="font-family:宋体">，在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">末时，测得容器中含有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.4mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NH3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，求该反应的化学反应速率。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">三步法</span></p><p><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:22.6667px;margin-top:242.8000px;width:923.0000px;height:66.0000px"><img width="923" height="66" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><img width="469" height="70" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><img width="439" height="66" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><img width="431" height="63" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">结论：</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">同一个反应，用不同的物质来表示反应速率，数值是不一样的，所以应注明是由哪种物质表示的。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">同一反应中，各物质的速率之比等于他们在化学方程式中的化学计量数之比。</span></span></p><p><img width="636" height="62" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">如在</span>N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 <span style="font-family:宋体">中， </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">v(N2):v(H2):v(NH3)=1:3:2</span></span></p><p><img width="406" height="110" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><img width="356" height="109" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><img width="333" height="96" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">注意：</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">、在同一反应体系中用不同的物质来表示反应速率时，其数值是可以不同的，但是这些数值都表示同一个反应速率。因此化学反应速率的表示必须用下标说明用哪种物质来做标准。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、用同一反应体系中不同物质表示同一速率时，其数值比一定等于化学方程式中相应的化学计量数之比。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">、一般来说，化学反应的速率随着反应的进行可不断变化。因此某一时间段内的反应速率实际是指这一时间段内的平均速率，而不是指瞬时速率。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">4<span style="font-family:宋体">、通常用单位时间内反应物浓度的减小或生成物浓度的增加来表示，所以反应速率是正值。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">5<span style="font-family:宋体">、浓度仅指溶液或气体的，固体、纯液体无浓度可言。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">常见题型举例：</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、用不同的物质来表示反应速率。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">、反应</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4NH3 + 5O2 === 4NO + 6H2O </span><span style="font-family:宋体">在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">5L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的密闭容器中进行，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">后，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NO</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的物质的量增加了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.3mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，则此反应的平均速率可表示为：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A.v (O2)=0.01 mol/L<span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s B. v (NO)=0.008 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C. v (H2O)=0.003 mol/L<span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s D. v (NH3)=0.002 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、比较反应速率的大小</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">、反应</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">A + 3B == 2C + 2D</span><span style="font-family:宋体">在四种不同情况下的反应速率分别为①</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">VA = 0.15mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">L-1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s-1 </span><span style="font-family:宋体">②</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">VB = 0.6mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">L-1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s-1 </span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> ③<span style="font-family:Calibri">Vc = 0.4mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">L-1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s-1 </span><span style="font-family:宋体">④</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">VD = 0.45mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">L-1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s-1 </span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">则该反应在不同条件下速率快慢顺序是</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">结论</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">：在同一反应中，反应速率的大小不能单纯地看数值大小。应化为同一种物质的反应速率再进行比较。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">根据各物质的反应速率之比写出化学方程式。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例</span>3<span style="font-family:宋体">、某温度下，浓度都是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的两种气体</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">X2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Y2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，在密闭容器中反应生成气体</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，经过</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">t min</span><span style="font-family:宋体">后，测得物质的量浓度分别为：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">c(X2)=0.4 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">c(Y2)=0.8 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">c(Z)=0.4 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，则该反应的反应方程式可表示为：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3X2 + Y2 === 2Z</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3X2 + Y2 === 2X3Y</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">随堂训练</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">在</span>25<span style="font-family:宋体">℃时，向</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">100 mL</span><span style="font-family:宋体">含</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">HCl 14.6 g</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的盐酸中，放入</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">5.6 g</span><span style="font-family:宋体">铁粉，反应进行到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">时收集到氢气</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.12 L(</span><span style="font-family:宋体">标况</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，之后反应又进行了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，铁粉全溶解。若不考虑体积变化，则：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）前</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">内用</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">FeCl2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">表示的平均反应速率为 ；</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）后</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">内用</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">HCl</span><span style="font-family:宋体">表示的平均反应速率为 ；</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>3<span style="font-family:宋体">）前</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">与后</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">比较，反应速率 较快，其原因可能 </span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">在</span>2L<span style="font-family:宋体">的密闭容器中，发生下列反应： </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3A(g)+ B(g)=2C(g)+D(g)</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。若最初加入的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">A </span><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">B </span><span style="font-family:宋体">都是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，在前</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10sA </span><span style="font-family:宋体">的平均反应速率为</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.12mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，则</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">时，容器中</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的物质的量为 。 </span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">一定温度下，向一容积为</span>2L<span style="font-family:宋体">的真空容器中加入</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1mol N2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3mol H2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3min</span><span style="font-family:宋体">后测得容器内的压强是起始时压强的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.9</span><span style="font-family:宋体">倍，在此时间内用氢气的变化来表示反应速率为 。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率的测量</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率是通过实验测定的。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应进行的时候，反应物和生成物的浓度都在不断地变化，由于反应体系中一种反应物浓度的变化，必然引起其他物质浓度发生相应的变化。因此，化学反应速率只要用反应体系中任何一种物质（反应物或生成物）的浓度变化来表示，一般以最容易测定的物质表示。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">在物质的诸多性质中</span>,<span style="font-family:宋体">特别是在溶液中</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">当反应物或生成本身有比较明显的颜色时</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">人们常常利用颜色深浅和显色物质浓度间的正比关系来跟踪反应的过程和测量反应的速率。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率测定的基本思路</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">可用于化学反应速率测定的基本性质</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">①可直接观察的性质<span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">如释放出的气体的体积和体系的压强</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">②依靠科学仪器才能测量的性质<span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">如颜色的深浅、光的吸收、光的发射、导电能力</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">③在溶液中<span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">当反应物或生成本身有比较明显的颜色时</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">人们常常利用颜色深浅和显色物质浓度间的正比关系来跟踪反应的过程和测量反应的速率。</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">二、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率的测定</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">可通过实验方法测定</span>P18 <span style="font-family:宋体">实验</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2-1</span></span></p><p><img width="428" height="387" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">按图按装两套装置，在锥形瓶里装有</span>2g<span style="font-family:宋体">锌粒（颗粒大小相同），然后通过分液漏斗分别加入</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40mL1mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40mL4mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">硫酸，比较二者收集</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10ml</span><span style="font-family:宋体">氢气所需的时间。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">讨论：</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">实验中为何规定锌粒颗粒大小相同？你还可以通过相同时间内收集到的氢气量多少来比较二者反应速率，请你设计方案，并继续实验。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">课堂练习</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">m A + n B p C</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的反应中，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">m</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">n</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">p</span><span style="font-family:宋体">为各物质的计量数。现测得</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C</span><span style="font-family:宋体">每分钟增加</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">a mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family:宋体">每分钟减少</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.5a mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family:宋体">每分钟减少</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.5a mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，则</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">m</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">n</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">p</span><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2 B</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3 C</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2 D</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、在铝与稀硫酸的反应中，已知</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">末硫酸的浓度减少了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.6 mol/L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，若不考虑反应过程中溶液体积的变化，则</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10s</span><span style="font-family:宋体">内生成硫酸铝的平均反应速率是</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.02 mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">•</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span></span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.8mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">•</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.2 mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">•</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span></span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.18 mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">•</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">、可逆反应</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3H2 2NH3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的正、逆反应速率可用各反应物或生成物浓度的变化来表示。下列各关系中能说明反应已达到平衡状态的是</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">正（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）＝</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">正（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">H2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">） </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">正（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）＝</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">逆（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NH3</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">正（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">H2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）＝</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">逆（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NH3D</span><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">正（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）＝</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3v</span><span style="font-family:宋体">逆（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">H2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">4<span style="font-family:宋体">、把</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.6molX</span><span style="font-family:宋体">气体的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.4molY</span><span style="font-family:宋体">气体混合于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">容器中，使它们发生如下反应：</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3X+Y= nZ+2W</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2min</span><span style="font-family:宋体">末已生成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.2molW</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，若测知</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">V(z)=0.1mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span><span style="font-family:宋体">，则</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">⑴上述反应中<span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋体">气体的计量数</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">n</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的值是（ ）</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A.1</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> B.2</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> C.3</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D.4</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">⑵上述反应在<span style="font-family:Calibri">2min</span><span style="font-family:宋体">末时，已消耗的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Y</span><span style="font-family:宋体">占原来的百分比是（ ）</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">A.20%</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> B.25%</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">C.33%</span> <span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">D.50%</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">课堂小结</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、化学反应速率：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">化学反应速率是用来衡量化学反应进行快慢的一个物理量。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、化学反应速率常用的单位：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> mol/(L<span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">min)</span><span style="font-family:宋体">或</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">mol/(L</span><span style="font-family:宋体">·</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">s)</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">、化学反应速率计算公式：</span></span></p><p><img width="232.067" height="127.2" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化学反应速率之比等于它们的计量数之比</span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:7.4667px;margin-top:648.2000px;width:224.0000px;height:50.0000px"><img width="224" height="50" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:3.8000px;margin-top:246.8667px;width:261.0000px;height:45.0000px"><img width="261" height="45" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:0.0000px;margin-top:307.4000px;width:276.0000px;height:45.0000px"><img width="276" height="45" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:468.6667px;margin-top:246.8667px;width:106.0000px;height:45.0000px"><img width="106" height="45" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:672.8000px;margin-top:246.8667px;width:53.0000px;height:87.0000px"><img width="53" height="87" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span></p><p><br/></p>
任亚兰 2020-10-08 20:05
<p><br/></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">电解质</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">一. </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">教学内容：第二章</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">第二节</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">电解质</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">二</span>. <span style="font-family:宋体">教学目的</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、了解电离、电解质、离子反应、离子方程式的含义</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、知道酸、碱、盐发生电离</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">、通过实验事实认识离子反应及其发生条件能正确书写常见反应的离子方程式</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">4<span style="font-family:宋体">、了解常见离子的检验方法</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">三</span>. <span style="font-family:宋体">教学重点、难点</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、电解质的概念</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、通过实验事实认识离子反应及其发生条件，能正确书写常见反应的离子方程式</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">四</span>. <span style="font-family:宋体">知识分析</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（一）电解质的电离实验探究：测试物质的导电现象</span> </span></p><table width="568"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">现象 </span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">结论</span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 解释</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:25px"><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">NaCl <span style="font-family:宋体">晶体</span></span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">灯泡不亮 </span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">不导电</span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 晶体中没有自由移动的离子</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">NaCl<span style="font-family:宋体">（熔融） </span></span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">灯泡亮 </span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">导电</span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 有自由移动的离子</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">NaCl <span style="font-family:宋体">溶液</span></span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 灯泡亮 </span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">导电 </span></p></td><td width="142" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">有自由移动的离子</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">物质导电的情况：</span> a<span style="font-family:宋体">、金属导电：含有 自由移动的电子</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:126px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">b<span style="font-family:宋体">、化合物（熔融或水溶液） ：含有自由移动的离子</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、电离：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）定义：一些物质溶解于水或受热熔化而离解成自由移动离子的过程。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）条件：溶于水或熔化</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、电离方程式：用符号来表示电离过程的式子，叫电离方程式。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:42px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">练习：写出电离方程式</span></p><p style="text-indent:42px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>2H</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－ </span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">Ba( O H </span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">)2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>Ba</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>2OH</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">-</span></sup></p><p style="text-indent:42px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">酸：电离出的阳离子全部是</span> H<span style="font-family:宋体">＋ 的化合物叫做酸</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:56px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">碱：电离出的阴离子全部是</span> OH</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">的化合物叫做碱</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">盐：电离时，生成金属离子（或铵根离子）和酸根离子的化合物。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">4、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">电解质与非电解质：</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（1）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">比较</span></p><table width="568"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">电解质</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 非电解质</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">含义</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 溶于水或熔化时能导电的化合物</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">溶于水或熔化时不能导电的化合物</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">能否电离</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 能</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">不能</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 溶液中的存在形式 </span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">阴、阳离子</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">分子</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 物质类别</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 酸、碱、盐等</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">非金属氧化物、氢化物等</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 举例 </span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">硫酸、氢氧化钠、硫酸铜</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 二氧化碳、甲烷</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（2）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">强电解质与弱电解质</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><table width="568"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: windowtext;"><br/></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">强电解质</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 弱电解质</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">含义</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">在水溶液里完全电离</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 在水溶液里部分电离电离</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 条件</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 在水溶液中</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 在水溶液中</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">电离程度</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 全部</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 部分</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">溶质粒子种类 </span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">阴阳离子</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">分子和离子</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">化合物种类</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> 强酸 强碱和大部分盐 </span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">弱酸 弱碱和水</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">实例</span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> H</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> B a( O H )</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> NaCl </span></p></td><td width="189" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext;"><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">COOH</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">小结</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、电解质必须是本身电离出离子</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、常见的强电解质： 强酸： </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">HCl HNO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">强碱：</span> NaOH KOH Ca(OH) </span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> Ba(OH)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">盐：</span> NaCl K</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">KClO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">FeCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">金属氧化物：</span> CaO Na</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">O</span></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">常见的弱电解质：弱酸：</span> CH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">COOH H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> HClO </span></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">弱碱：</span> NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">O H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">O</span></p><p style="text-indent:140px"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（二）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">电解质在水溶液中的反应</span></p><p style="text-indent:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">离子反应：</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（1）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">定义：有离子参加的反应称为离子反应。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（2）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">实质：反应物某些离子浓度的减小。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（3）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">发生条件：</span>①生成难溶的物质；②生成难电离的物质；③生成挥发性物质。</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">离子方程式</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（1）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">定义：用实际参加反应的离子的符号来表示化学反应的式子叫离子方程式</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（2）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">书写：步骤：</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">a、 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">写出反应的化学方程式；</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">b、 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">把易溶于水，易电离的物质（即易溶性强电解质）</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">改写为离子形式，难溶物、难电离的物质以及气体等用化学式表示</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">c、 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">删去等号两边未参加反应的离子；</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">d、 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">检</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">查离子方程式两边各元素的原子个数及电荷总数是否相等。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">例如：氯化钡溶液与硫酸反应：</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">BaCl </span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>BaSO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">↓＋ <span style="font-family:Calibri">2HCl Ba</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>2Cl</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>2H</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－ </span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span> BaSO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">↓＋ <span style="font-family:Calibri">2Cl</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span> </span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>2H</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">+</span></sup></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> Ba</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span> BaSO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">↓</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（3）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">含义：表示一类化学反应。</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（4）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">书写原则：</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">a、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">合事实</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">b、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">须二</span>“恒”</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">c、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">“号”符实</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">d、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">“拆”合理</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（5）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">检查</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">a、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">符合物质反应的客观事实</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">b、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">必须遵循质量守恒定律</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">c、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">必须遵循电荷守恒原理</span></p><p style="margin-left:14px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">d、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">必须遵循定组成规律</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（三）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">物质的检验</span></p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">不用外加试剂方法：观察法、加热法、借用试剂法、相互作用法</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">练一练：不用外加试剂鉴别四种溶液：</span> NaOH<span style="font-family:宋体">、 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">KCl </span><span style="font-family:宋体">、 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">CuSO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span>MgCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2</span></sub></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">答案：</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">先观察溶液呈蓝色的为</span> CuSO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">溶液，</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">再用其与剩余无色溶液混合，</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">产生蓝色沉淀的为</span> NaOH <span style="font-family:宋体">溶液，再用 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NaOH </span><span style="font-family:宋体">溶液与剩余溶液混合，产生白色沉淀的是 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgCl</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 2 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">溶液，剩余的是</span> KCl <span style="font-family:宋体">溶液。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">限用一种试剂</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">练一练：限用一种试剂鉴别三种无色溶液：</span> KCl <span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Na</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span> Ba<span style="font-family:宋体">（</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NO </span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">）</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">答案：硫酸</span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3、</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">任选试剂</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">练一练：（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）鉴别稀硫酸、澄清石灰水、 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">NaOH </span><span style="font-family:宋体">溶液</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">答案：碳酸钠溶液</span></p><p style="margin-left:28px;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（3）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">某溶液中含有</span> SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span>CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span>OH</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"> <span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span>Cl</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"> <span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">，请分别检验</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">①先检验 <span style="font-family:Calibri">OH</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"> <span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，加入</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">酚酞</span> <span style="font-family:宋体">试剂。</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">②后检验 <span style="font-family:Calibri">CO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">，加入</span> HNO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">试剂，离子方程式</span> 2H</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">↑＋ <span style="font-family:Calibri">H</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">O</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">③再检验 <span style="font-family:Calibri">SO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，加入</span> Ba(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> 3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">)</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">试剂，离子方程式</span> Ba</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span>SO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>BaSO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">↓</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">④最后检验 <span style="font-family:Calibri">Cl </span><span style="font-family:宋体">－，加入 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">AgNO 3 </span><span style="font-family:宋体">试剂，离子方程式 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ag</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span> Cl</span><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"> <span style="font-family:宋体">－</span></span></sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>AgCl <span style="font-family:宋体">↓</span></span></p><p style="margin-left:0;text-indent:0"><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（四）</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">离子共存问题凡离子间能发生离子反应的，均不能大量共存。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> </span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">小结：（一）正确判断离子间能否大量共存的关键是看离子间能否发生反应</span> .<span style="font-family:宋体">如 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">:</span><span style="font-family:宋体">能生成沉淀 </span><span style="font-family:Calibri">.</span><span style="font-family:宋体">生成气体、生成弱电解质，大致可分为以下几种情况：</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">、氢离子与弱酸的酸根离子不能大量共存，</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">、氢氧根离子与弱碱的金属阳离子及弱酸的酸式酸根不能大量共存</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">、能生成难溶（微溶）物质的两种离子不能大量共存</span></span></p><p><br/></p>
赵华国 2020-10-05 11:48
<p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px">.3.5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:0"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 19px"><span style="font-family:宋体">〖教学流程〗</span></span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度导入</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">阅读表格得出结论</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">练习强化</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">归纳总结</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ 教学评价。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">导入</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">当一个可逆反应达到化学平衡状态时，反应物和生成物的浓度之间有怎样的定量关系？</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（探究）课本</span>P</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">29</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">表格，并分析得出结论。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（结论）</span>①温度不变时，</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">为常数，</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">═</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">48.74<span style="font-family:宋体">；②常数</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">与反应的起始浓度大小无关；</span>③常数</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">与正向建立还是逆向建立平衡无关，即与平衡建立的过程无关。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">〖板书〗一、</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">：</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">在一定温度下，可逆反应达到化学平衡时，生成物浓度幂</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（以其化学计量数为幂）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">之积与反应物浓度幂之积的比值是一个常数，这个常数</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">叫做</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">该反应的化学平衡常数（简称平衡常数），用符号</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">表示。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:300.0000px;margin-top:15.8333px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">表达式：</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">反应</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">mA</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">+ nB</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">pC</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">+ qD</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><img width="119" height="60" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">有单位，并因表达式的不同而不同，但通常不写单位，即代入表达式计算时物质的浓度不带单位。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3.</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">只与温度有关，与反应物和生成物的浓度无关。温度改变时，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值随之改变，但其增大还是减小取决于平衡移动的方向，正向移动</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值增大。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">4.<span style="font-family:宋体">反应物或生成物中有固体或纯液体时，由于其浓度可看作“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">”而不代入。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">5.</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数表达式与化学方程式的书写方式有关。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">同一个化学反应，由于书写方式不同，各反应物、生成物的化学计量数不同，平衡常数不同。但是这些平衡常数可以相互换算。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:190.0000px;margin-top:15.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例如：</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:180.0000px;margin-top:16.0833px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1/2N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3/2H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:90.0000px;margin-top:16.1667px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 1/2N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3/2H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 1/</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（练习）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">写出下列反应的平衡常数的表达式</span></span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:330.0000px;margin-top:13.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:75.0000px;margin-top:13.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">①</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">PCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">5</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">PCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+Cl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">②</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2HI(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+I</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:398.7500px;margin-top:14.0000px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:90.0000px;margin-top:14.0000px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">③</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CaCO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(s)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CaO(s)+CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">④</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">Fe</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(s)+4H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3Fe(s)+4H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O(g)</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（阅读）</span>P</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">29 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">了解化学平衡常数的意义。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">〖板书〗二、化学平衡常数的意义</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1.<span style="font-family:宋体">平衡常数的大小反映了化学反应进行的程度（反应的限度）</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值越大，表示反应进行的越完全，反应物转化率越大；</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值越小，表示反应进行的越不完全，反应物转化率越小；</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.<span style="font-family:宋体">利用</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">可判断反应的热效应</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">若升高温度，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">增大，则正反应为吸热反应；若升高温度，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">减小，则正反应为放热反应。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><img width="34" height="34" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（过渡）利用平衡常数可以进行浓度、含量、反应物转化率等计算。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">〖板书〗三、有关平衡常数的计算</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">〖例题</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">〗见课本例</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">和例</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（教学评价）</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．已知</span>450 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">℃</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，反应</span>H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:ZBFH;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2HI(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">的</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>50<span style="font-family:宋体">，由此推测在</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">450 </span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">℃</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，反应</span>2HI(g)</span><span style=";font-family:ZBFH;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">的化学平衡常数为</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">B </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">50</span> </span> <span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.02</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">100 </span></span> <span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">．无法确定</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">现有一定温度下的密闭容器中存在如下反应：</span></span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO(g)+H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O(g)</span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，知</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度均为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">经测定该反应在该温度下的平衡常数</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＝</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.60</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，试判断，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）当</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">转化率为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">50</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">％时，该反应是否达到平衡状态，若未达到，哪个方向进行？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）达平衡状态时，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的转化率应为多少？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）当</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度仍为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">6mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的转化率为多少？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">答案</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">：</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）不平衡</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">，</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">反应向正方向进行</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">61.7% </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">86.5%</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span><span style=";font-family:黑体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2019·<span style="font-family:宋体">许昌一诊</span></span><span style=";font-family:黑体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，在容积为</span>1 L<span style="font-family:宋体">的恒容密闭容器中充入</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.6 mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">NO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，达平衡时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.2 mol·L</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，仅发生反应：</span>2NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NO(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">O</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Δ</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">H</span></em><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">0<span style="font-family:宋体">。实验测得：</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)·</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">为速率常数，仅受温度影响。请回答：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度时，</span> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>________<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>________<span style="font-family:宋体">；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">当温度改变为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，若</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，则</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">________</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">填</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">“</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">”或“</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">＜</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">”</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，其理由是</span>________________________________________<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">解析：</span>(1)<span style="font-family:宋体">由反应：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) </span><img width="37" height="12" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NO(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">O</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Δ</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">H</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">>0</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">起始</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.6</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">转化</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">平衡时</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) 0.6<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，由题可知，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.2<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>()()()c2NO2(c2NO·cO2)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>0.22(0.42×0.2)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">平衡时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，即</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)·</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，知</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(2)<span style="font-family:宋体">当</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">′<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，说明平衡右移，又因正反应为吸热，故</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">答案：</span>(1)0.8 <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.8</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(2)<span style="font-family:宋体">＜ </span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>1</span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＞</span></span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">，又因该反应为吸热反应，升高温度，右移，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">增大，故</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＜</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>
赵华国 2020-10-05 11:48
<p style=";text-align:center;line-height:150%"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px">.3.5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 24px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:0"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 19px"><span style="font-family:宋体">〖教学流程〗</span></span></strong></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度导入</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">阅读表格得出结论</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"> <span style="font-family:宋体">练习强化</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">归纳总结</span> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">→ 教学评价。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">导入</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">当一个可逆反应达到化学平衡状态时，反应物和生成物的浓度之间有怎样的定量关系？</span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（探究）课本</span>P</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">29</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">表格，并分析得出结论。</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（结论）</span>①温度不变时，</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">为常数，</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">═</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">48.74<span style="font-family:宋体">；②常数</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">与反应的起始浓度大小无关；</span>③常数</span><em><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">与正向建立还是逆向建立平衡无关，即与平衡建立的过程无关。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">〖板书〗一、</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">：</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">在一定温度下，可逆反应达到化学平衡时，生成物浓度幂</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（以其化学计量数为幂）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">之积与反应物浓度幂之积的比值是一个常数，这个常数</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">叫做</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">该反应的化学平衡常数（简称平衡常数），用符号</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">表示。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:300.0000px;margin-top:15.8333px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">表达式：</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">反应</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">mA</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">+ nB</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">pC</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">+ qD</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">g</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><img width="119" height="60" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">有单位，并因表达式的不同而不同，但通常不写单位，即代入表达式计算时物质的浓度不带单位。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3.</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">只与温度有关，与反应物和生成物的浓度无关。温度改变时，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值随之改变，但其增大还是减小取决于平衡移动的方向，正向移动</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值增大。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">4.<span style="font-family:宋体">反应物或生成物中有固体或纯液体时，由于其浓度可看作“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">”而不代入。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">5.</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学平衡常数表达式与化学方程式的书写方式有关。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">同一个化学反应，由于书写方式不同，各反应物、生成物的化学计量数不同，平衡常数不同。但是这些平衡常数可以相互换算。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:190.0000px;margin-top:15.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">例如：</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:180.0000px;margin-top:16.0833px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1/2N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3/2H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:90.0000px;margin-top:16.1667px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">NH</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 1/2N</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+3/2H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平衡常数为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><sup><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"> </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">═</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 1/</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（练习）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">写出下列反应的平衡常数的表达式</span></span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:330.0000px;margin-top:13.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:75.0000px;margin-top:13.9167px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">①</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">PCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">5</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">PCl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+Cl</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">②</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2HI(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+I</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:398.7500px;margin-top:14.0000px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style="position:absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:90.0000px;margin-top:14.0000px;width:37.0000px;height:13.0000px"><img width="37" height="13" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">③</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CaCO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(s)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CaO(s)+CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">④</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">Fe</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">3</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">4</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(s)+4H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;position:relative;top:8px"> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3Fe(s)+4H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O(g)</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（阅读）</span>P</span><sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">29 </span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">了解化学平衡常数的意义。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">〖板书〗二、化学平衡常数的意义</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1.<span style="font-family:宋体">平衡常数的大小反映了化学反应进行的程度（反应的限度）</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值越大，表示反应进行的越完全，反应物转化率越大；</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值越小，表示反应进行的越不完全，反应物转化率越小；</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.<span style="font-family:宋体">利用</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">可判断反应的热效应</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">若升高温度，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">增大，则正反应为吸热反应；若升高温度，</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">值</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">减小，则正反应为放热反应。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><img width="34" height="34" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（过渡）利用平衡常数可以进行浓度、含量、反应物转化率等计算。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">〖板书〗三、有关平衡常数的计算</span></p><p style="text-indent: 29px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">〖例题</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">、</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">〗见课本例</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体">和例</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">（教学评价）</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．已知</span>450 </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">℃</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，反应</span>H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:ZBFH;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2HI(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">的</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>50<span style="font-family:宋体">，由此推测在</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">450 </span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">℃</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，反应</span>2HI(g)</span><span style=";font-family:ZBFH;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">的化学平衡常数为</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span> </span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">B </span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">A<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">50</span> </span> <span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">B<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.02</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">C<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">100 </span></span> <span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">D<span style="font-family:宋体">．无法确定</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">现有一定温度下的密闭容器中存在如下反应：</span></span></p><p style="line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO(g)+H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O(g)</span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)+H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，知</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度均为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">经测定该反应在该温度下的平衡常数</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＝</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2.60</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，试判断，</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">1</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）当</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">转化率为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">50</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">％时，该反应是否达到平衡状态，若未达到，哪个方向进行？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）达平衡状态时，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的转化率应为多少？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）当</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度仍为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">H</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">O</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的起始浓度为</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">6mol/L</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">CO</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">的转化率为多少？</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">答案</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">：</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">1</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）不平衡</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">，</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">反应向正方向进行</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">61.7% </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">3</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">86.5%</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">．</span></span><span style=";font-family:黑体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2019·<span style="font-family:宋体">许昌一诊</span></span><span style=";font-family:黑体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，在容积为</span>1 L<span style="font-family:宋体">的恒容密闭容器中充入</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.6 mol</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">NO</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，达平衡时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.2 mol·L</span></span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，仅发生反应：</span>2NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g)</span><img width="44" height="15" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NO(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">O</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Δ</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">H</span></em><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">0<span style="font-family:宋体">。实验测得：</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">消耗</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)·</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">为速率常数，仅受温度影响。请回答：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度时，</span> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>________<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>________<span style="font-family:宋体">；</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">当温度改变为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，若</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，则</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">________</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">（</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">填</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">“</span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">”或“</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">＜</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">”</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14px">）</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，其理由是</span>________________________________________<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">解析：</span>(1)<span style="font-family:宋体">由反应：</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) </span><img width="37" height="12" src="http://study.teacheredu.cn/proj/static/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif"/><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">2NO(g)<span style="font-family:宋体">＋</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">O</span></span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(g) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Δ</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">H</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">>0</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">起始</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.6</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0</span> <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">转化</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">平衡时</span>(mol·L</span><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:宋体">－</span>1</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">) 0.6<span style="font-family:宋体">－</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> 2</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">温度为</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，由题可知，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">x</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.2<span style="font-family:宋体">，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>()()()c2NO2(c2NO·cO2)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>0.22(0.42×0.2)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">平衡时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">v</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，即</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:super">2</span></sup><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(NO)·</span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">c</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(O</span><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">)<span style="font-family:宋体">，知</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(2)<span style="font-family:宋体">当</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">′<span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，说明平衡右移，又因正反应为吸热，故</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">＞</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">答案：</span>(1)0.8 <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0.8</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">(2)<span style="font-family:宋体">＜ </span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">正</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">k</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub"><span style="font-family:宋体">逆</span></span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">时，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span></span>k逆(k正)<span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＝</span>1</span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＞</span></span></strong><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px">0.8<span style="font-family:宋体">，又因该反应为吸热反应，升高温度，右移，</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">K</span></em><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">增大，故</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">1</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">＜</span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';line-height: 150%;font-size: 14px">T</span></em><sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px;vertical-align:sub">2</span></sub><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>