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冶元梅 2020-11-05 08:32

<h2 style=";background: #9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#ED1C24;background:#9CAEC1">古诗文中的虚词——“谁”字篇</span></h2><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#4D6DF3;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;</span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#318B92;background:#9CAEC1"><a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/myhrr" target="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/_blank"><span style="font-size: 16px;color:#4D6DF3">武臣文苑</span></a></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">本篇专讲一个“谁”字。怎一个“谁”字了得?</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在5月12日发表的《问张衡》中,我写道<strong><span style="font-weight:normal">:“</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">唐山震了又夷川,福祸只差几秒间。敢问古今天地事,谁为百姓报平安?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong><span style="font-family: '微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在9月27日发表的《国庆60周年抒怀》中,我写道</span><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">搜遍金秋赏月词,难为六秩觅新诗。谁言老朽才情尽,看我挥毫写国姿。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在9月29日发表的《秋》中,我写道</span><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">谁说寒霜不胜春?黄花遍地喜盈门。向来天地随人愿,壮我山河万古存。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">最近在《为开封第27届菊花花会而作》的七言绝句中,我又写道:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">解语三春易断肠,</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">夏荷不敌烂泥塘。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">死生谁与寒霜共?</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight: normal">惟有东篱菊正黄。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在写这四首诗时,我都有意无意地用到了一个“谁”字结构:“谁为”、“谁言”、“谁说”、“谁与”等,看来,我对“谁”字真的有缘。缘何如此?下面,谈谈我对“谁”的看法。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在古代汉语里,“谁”是一个表示疑问的代词,一般用于指代人,相当于现代汉语里的“谁”、“什么人”,“哪一个人”,“同……相比……哪一个”,“哪如”等。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">在古诗词中,“谁”是最为常用的一个疑问代词。其用法如下:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">一、在词组里的作用</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在主谓词组里,“谁”经常用作主语。古诗词名句里由“谁”字构成的主谓词组有:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁共、谁不、谁知、谁为、谁道、谁管、谁云、谁似、谁吹、谁识、谁念、谁在、谁知、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁见、谁作、谁能、谁驾、谁将、谁怜、谁教、谁料、谁望、谁寄、谁种、谁问、谁会、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁唱、谁弹、谁赏、谁更、谁肯、谁浸、谁与、谁传、谁悲、谁是、谁表、谁留、谁可、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁梳、谁把、认想、谁堪、谁喷、谁画、谁在、谁复、谁信、谁捣、谁记、谁有、谁解、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁怕、谁听、谁采、谁梦、谁唤、谁分、谁为、谁重、谁诉、谁来、谁雄、谁托、谁能、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁系、谁同、谁存、谁描、谁言、谁染、谁敌、谁论、谁埋、谁非、谁拙、谁才、谁谓、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁打、谁敢、谁令、谁剪、谁遣、谁爱</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在动宾词组里,“谁”经常用作宾语。古诗词名句里由“谁”字构成的动宾词组有:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">有谁、问谁、是谁、凭谁、向谁、为谁、和谁、与谁、看谁、告谁、同谁、对谁、傍谁、</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">靠谁、供谁、从谁、恨谁、报谁</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在偏正词组里,“谁”用作定语。古诗词名句里由“谁”字构成的动宾词组有:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁人、谁家、阿谁、谁个、谁子</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在连动词组里,一个主语“谁”发出连续的动作,古诗词名句里由“谁”字构成的连动词组有:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">谁参透、谁知道、谁慰籍、谁传与、谁相比、谁酬酢、谁当补</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在兼语词组里,“谁”充当主语,但其前一个动作的宾语是下一个动作的主语,如:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">谁打白苹开,前溪夜来雨。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">谁挥修月斧,尽削银河曲。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">谁剪明霞散山曲,千枝万枝红簌籁。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">不知谁抱镜,挂在白云岑。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">二、在句式里的作用</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在疑问句里,“谁”用作疑问,只问不答,答案留给读者,让读者去思考。例如:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">敢问古今天地事,谁为百姓报平安?</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</span><span style="font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1">、在设问句里,“谁”用作疑问,有问有答;前面一句发问,后面一句作答。例如:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">借问大将谁,恐是霍嫖姚。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:5px;line-height:21px;background:#9CAEC1"><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">谁敢横刀立马,唯我彭大将军。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:18px;font-family:'微软雅黑','sans-serif';color:#323E32;background:#9CAEC1;font-weight:normal">”</span></strong></p><p><br/></p>

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